Unsupervised Machine Learning
March 1, 2022Wearable Devices DFree®
April 1, 20221956-1959
The years between 1956 and 1959 were a revolutionizing period of AI, with many pioneers of the field adding significant contributions...
1956:John McCarthy was the first to introduce the term “artificial intelligence” during a conference on the Dartmouth College campus in 1956. He was the first to introduce AI formally as a distinct scientific field. The attendees of this conference, including him, grew to become giants of artificial intelligence science for decades.
McCarthy: invented Lisp, a standard programming language used in robots and other scientific applications. It is, even now, used in a wide variety of Internet-based resources ranging from credit card fraud identification to airline scheduling.Another significant breakthrough of McCarthy was an early time-sharing or networking scheme for computers that allowed many users to exchange data by connecting to a central device. He consequently predicted that in 1960 “computation could someday be structured as a public service,” establishing the fundamental principle of cloud computing.
McCarthy: invented Lisp, a standard programming language used in robots and other scientific applications. It is, even now, used in a wide variety of Internet-based resources ranging from credit card fraud identification to airline scheduling.
Another significant breakthrough of McCarthy was an early time-sharing or networking scheme for computers that allowed many users to exchange data by connecting to a central device. He consequently predicted that in 1960 “computation could someday be structured as a public service,” establishing the fundamental principle of cloud computing.
McCarthy also established an artificial intelligence facility at Stanford University. His academic endeavors focused on early prototypes of a self-driving vehicle, robot cognition, and free will. He published articles about programs that “comprehend” or replicate common-sense human decision-making.(1)
1958:Herbert Gelernter and Nathan Rochester (IBM) described a geometry theorem prover that uses a domain’s semantic model to establish diagrams of “typical” instances. The Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes was organized in the United Kingdom. John McCarthy’s Programs of Common Sense, Oliver Selfridge’s Pandemonium, and Marvin Minsky’s Some Methods of Heuristic Programming and Artificial Intelligence were among the papers presented. In computer science, artificial intelligence, and mathematical optimization, heuristics (from the Greek “I discover, find”) are different approaches to solve problems faster when conventional methods are inefficient. Another application of heuristics is to determine an intermediate solution where traditional methods struggle to yield an exact answer.(2,3)
1958:Herbert Gelernter and Nathan Rochester (IBM) described a geometry theorem prover that uses a domain’s semantic model to establish diagrams of “typical” instances. The Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes was organized in the United Kingdom. John McCarthy’s Programs of Common Sense, Oliver Selfridge’s Pandemonium, and Marvin Minsky’s Some Methods of Heuristic Programming and Artificial Intelligence were among the papers presented.
In computer science, artificial intelligence, and mathematical optimization, heuristics (from the Greek “I discover, find”) are different approaches to solve problems faster when conventional methods are inefficient. Another application of heuristics is to determine an intermediate solution where traditional methods struggle to yield an exact answer.(2,3)
1959: while attending CMU (Carnegie Mellon University), Newell, Shaw, and Simon developed the General Problem Solver (GPS). The General Problem Solver (GPS) was a computer software designed to be a universal problem solver. It concentrated on the available operations and inputs to generate outputs. It then developed subgoals to get progressively closer to the target. Newell made significant contributions to artificial intelligence by co-developing the Information Processing Language in 1956 and two of the first AI applications. Newell and his colleague Simon were winners of the Turing Award in 1975.(4)
1959: while attending CMU (Carnegie Mellon University), Newell, Shaw, and Simon developed the General Problem Solver (GPS). The General Problem Solver (GPS) was a computer software designed to be a universal problem solver. It concentrated on the available operations and inputs to generate outputs. It then developed subgoals to get progressively closer to the target.
Newell made significant contributions to artificial intelligence by co-developing the Information Processing Language in 1956 and two of the first AI applications. Newell and his colleague Simon were winners of the Turing Award in 1975.(4)
Late 1959: Margaret Masterman and colleagues at the University of Cambridge developed semantic nets for machine translation. Masterman was a British linguist and philosopher well known for her groundbreaking work in computational linguistics (AI specializing in applying machines to natural language processing), especially machine translation. She was a prominent figure in establishing the Cambridge Language Research Unit. We can now tell that Margaret Masterman was almost two decades ahead of her time. In fact, much of her beliefs and proposals for computer-assisted language processing have now been incorporated as standards in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine translation (MT).(5)
Late 1959: Margaret Masterman and colleagues at the University of Cambridge developed semantic nets for machine translation. Masterman was a British linguist and philosopher well known for her groundbreaking work in computational linguistics (AI specializing in applying machines to natural language processing), especially machine translation. She was a prominent figure in establishing the Cambridge Language Research Unit.
We can now tell that Margaret Masterman was almost two decades ahead of her time. In fact, much of her beliefs and proposals for computer-assisted language processing have now been incorporated as standards in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine translation (MT).(5)