ORBITA
July 1, 2022Biofourmis
July 1, 20221964-1965
Artificial intelligence has developed rapidly over the past few decades, with major breakthroughs occurring quite rapidly...
Daniel Gureasko Bobrow : November 29, 1935 – March 20, 2017) was an American computer scientist known for developing STUDENT, an artificial intelligence program among the first to answer algebraic word problems. The software is considered an early achievement of artificial intelligence in natural language processing. He was also involved in developing the TENEX (Operating system software).
Beyond these two projects, Bobrow had grander visions for the long-term development of artificial intelligence. Bobrow established Project MAC in 1964 as part of the larger Project on Mathematics and Computation, sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation. The project’s objective was to provide remote access to many users’ applications on a single machine.
The ground-breaking research conducted by Project MAC on multi-user control techniques established the basis for current computer networking and online collaboration. Bobrow served as President of the Cognitive Science Society and Editor-in-Chief of the journal Artificial Intelligence. For his work on Interlisp, he shared the 1992 ACM Software Systems Award. He was a fellow of the ACM and the AAAI.(1)
Daniel Gureasko Bobrow : November 29, 1935 – March 20, 2017) was an American computer scientist known for developing STUDENT, an artificial intelligence program among the first to answer algebraic word problems. The software is considered an early achievement of artificial intelligence in natural language processing. He was also involved in developing the TENEX (Operating system software). Beyond these two projects, Bobrow had grander visions for the long-term development of artificial intelligence.
Bobrow established Project MAC in 1964 as part of the larger Project on Mathematics and Computation, sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation. The project’s objective was to provide remote access to many users’ applications on a single machine.
The ground-breaking research conducted by Project MAC on multi-user control techniques established the basis for current computer networking and online collaboration. Bobrow served as President of the Cognitive Science Society and Editor-in-Chief of the journal Artificial Intelligence. For his work on Interlisp, he shared the 1992 ACM Software Systems Award. He was a fellow of the ACM and the AAAI.(1)
Bertram Raphael: was an astute mathematician with outstanding achievements in two of the country’s top institutions; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford’s Research Institute (SRI). He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a Marvin Minsky student and received a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1964. Bertram Raphael’s 1964 MIT dissertation on SIR (Semantic Information Retrieval) shows the use of a logical representation of knowledge for question-answering computers.
Raphael became a long-standing member and head of SRI’s Artificial Intelligence Center from 1970 until 1973. During that time, he worked on an AI search algorithm called Hough Transform and Shakey the Robot, one of the earliest DARPA-funded projects. From 1970 to 1971, Raphael directed Shakey. He was also one of the founding members of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence. Shakey the robot was the first general-purpose mobile robot to exhibit self-awareness.
Unlike other robots, which need instruction for each stage of a bigger job, Shakey could independently interpret instructions and break them down into simple pieces. Raphael aimed to include logical thinking and physical action in his first-of-its-kind robot. He directed a multidisciplinary team of researchers across robotics, computer vision, and natural language processing divisions.(2)
Bertram Raphael: was an astute mathematician with outstanding achievements in two of the country’s top institutions; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford’s Research Institute (SRI). He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a Marvin Minsky student and received a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1964. Bertram Raphael’s 1964 MIT dissertation on SIR (Semantic Information Retrieval) shows the use of a logical representation of knowledge for question-answering computers.
Raphael became a long-standing member and head of SRI’s Artificial Intelligence Center from 1970 until 1973. During that time, he worked on an AI search algorithm called Hough Transform and Shakey the Robot, one of the earliest DARPA-funded projects. From 1970 to 1971, Raphael directed Shakey. He was also one of the founding members of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence. Shakey the robot was the first general-purpose mobile robot to exhibit self-awareness.
Unlike other robots, which need instruction for each stage of a bigger job, Shakey could independently interpret instructions and break them down into simple pieces. Raphael aimed to include logical thinking and physical action in his first-of-its-kind robot. He directed a multidisciplinary team of researchers across robotics, computer vision, and natural language processing divisions.(2)
Lotfi Zadeh : was a mathematician, professor, and artificial intelligence researcher best known for his publication in 1965 on Fuzzy logic called “Fuzzy Sets.” The fuzzy logic concept is based on observing that people make decisions based on inexact and non-numerical data. Fuzzy models or sets are mathematical representations of ambiguity and inaccurate data (hence the term fuzzy). These models can identify, describe, manipulate, interpret, and use ambiguous and uncertain data and information.(3)
Lotfi Zadeh : was a mathematician, professor, and artificial intelligence researcher best known for his publication in 1965 on Fuzzy logic called “Fuzzy Sets.” The fuzzy logic concept is based on observing that people make decisions based on inexact and non-numerical data. Fuzzy models or sets are mathematical representations of ambiguity and inaccurate data (hence the term fuzzy). These models can identify, describe, manipulate, interpret, and use ambiguous and uncertain data and information.(3)
Joseph Weizenbaume: was a German computer scientist and professor regarded as one of the Fathers of modern artificial intelligence. In 1966 he released his invention ELIZA, a program that performed natural language processing to imitate human conversation. ELIZA was based on the language of Weizenbaum’s creation and could quickly respond to a human conversation using “pattern matching” and substitution methodology. The program was surprisingly human-like and is now the basis of all chatbots we use. Because of his outstanding contributions to AI, he was honored with the Weizenbaum award.(4)