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October 1, 2022Article of the Month – October 2022
October 1, 20221970
The AI winter was slow on developments, but research continued with the creation of ATNs, SCHOLAR, and a Natural Language Processing group...
This period is referred to as the beginning of the “AI winter,” signifying a period of reduced funding and interest and subsequently fewer significant developments. However, despite the lack of general interest during this time, collaboration among pioneers in AI continued. AI made its way into healthcare in early 1970, when it started to be applied to biological issues. The advancements in artificial intelligence were witnessed in the field of research, particularly in medicine. AI was integrated into therapeutic settings with the development of The Research Resource on Computers in Biomedicine by Saul Amarel in 1971 at Rutgers University. Among the emerging applications of AI in healthcare are fuzzy expert systems, Bayesian networks, artificial neural networks, and hybrid intelligent systems.(1)
Jane Robinson and Don Walker : founded an influential Natural Language Processing group at SRI. Natural Language Processing is a subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions of computers and human language, specifically how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data. The system could extract correct data and insights from the papers and classify and arrange the documents themselves.(2)
Jane Robinson and Don Walker : founded an influential Natural Language Processing group at SRI. Natural Language Processing is a subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions of computers and human language, specifically how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data.
The system could extract correct data and insights from the papers and classify and arrange the documents themselves.(2)
Seppo IlmariLinnainmaa: (a Finnish mathematician and computer scientist) developed the reverse method of automated differentiation, also known as algorithmic differentiation, which is a collection of techniques for numerically evaluating the derivative of a function defined by a computer program. This technique became known as backpropagation. It is a commonly used algorithm for training feedforward neural networks and artificial neural networks composed of a collection of linked units or nodes. These units are called artificial neurons, and they roughly mimic the neurons in the human brain.(3)
Seppo IlmariLinnainmaa: (a Finnish mathematician and computer scientist) developed the reverse method of automated differentiation, also known as algorithmic differentiation, which is a collection of techniques for numerically evaluating the derivative of a function defined by a computer program. This technique became known as backpropagation.
It is a commonly used algorithm for training feedforward neural networks and artificial neural networks composed of a collection of linked units or nodes. These units are called artificial neurons, and they roughly mimic the neurons in the human brain.(3)
Jaime Carbonell: was a computer scientist who contributed significantly to developing tools and technology for natural language processing. His significant machine translation research led to the creation of many cutting-edge language translations and artificial intelligence systems. He created SCHOLAR, an interactive computer-assisted teaching software based on semantic nets as a knowledge representation. SCHOLAR integrates computer hardware, software, educational philosophy, and practice to promote learning. His advancements in educational technology have guided the development, implementation, and maintenance of technological processes and educational materials to assist users in improving their academic performance.(4)
Jaime Carbonell: was a computer scientist who contributed significantly to developing tools and technology for natural language processing. His significant machine translation research led to the creation of many cutting-edge language translations and artificial intelligence systems. He created SCHOLAR, an interactive computer-assisted teaching software based on semantic nets as a knowledge representation.
SCHOLAR integrates computer hardware, software, educational philosophy, and practice to promote learning. His advancements in educational technology have guided the development, implementation, and maintenance of technological processes and educational materials to assist users in improving their academic performance.(4)
Bill Woods: Bill Woods used the term “Augmented Transition Networks” to refer to a representation for natural language comprehension. The augmented transition network, or ATN, is a graph-theoretic structure employed in the operational definition of formal languages. It is particularly useful for parsing somewhat complicated natural languages and has widespread usage in artificial intelligence. Theoretically, an ATN can evaluate the structure of every phrase, regardless of its complexity.(5)
Bill Woods: Bill Woods used the term “Augmented Transition Networks” to refer to a representation for natural language comprehension. The augmented transition network, or ATN, is a graph-theoretic structure employed in the operational definition of formal languages.
It is particularly useful for parsing somewhat complicated natural languages and has widespread usage in artificial intelligence. Theoretically, an ATN can evaluate the structure of every phrase, regardless of its complexity.(5)
Patrick Winstons: was a computer scientist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States of America. He was particularly interested in machine learning and human intelligence throughout his study. Winston’s thesis work with Marvin Minsky focused on the difficulties of learning; he found that it was feasible to learn only something that was almost previously understood. He picked up ideas from the world of children’s blocks. Winston headed CSAIL’s Genesis Group, which was tasked with creating artificial intelligence systems capable of human-like intelligence, including the capacity to tell, perceive, and understand tales. He felt that such research might shed light on elements of human intellect that scientists did not fully comprehend.(6)
Patrick Winstons: was a computer scientist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States of America. He was particularly interested in machine learning and human intelligence throughout his study. Winston’s thesis work with Marvin Minsky focused on the difficulties of learning; he found that it was feasible to learn only something that was almost previously understood. He picked up ideas from the world of children’s blocks.
Winston headed CSAIL’s Genesis Group, which was tasked with creating artificial intelligence systems capable of human-like intelligence, including the capacity to tell, perceive, and understand tales. He felt that such research might shed light on elements of human intellect that scientists did not fully comprehend.(6)